Philippa Foots Hypothetical Imperatives Essay - 1261 Words

Philippa Foots Hypothetical Imperatives Philippa Foot finds trouble with the arguments of Kant, who said that it was necessary to distinguish moral judgments from hypothetical imperatives. Although this may have become an unquestionable truth, Foot says that this is a misunderstanding. Kant defined a hypothetical imperative as an action that addresses what should or ought to be done. He believed that the necessity of performing a certain action was based on other desires. This particular action would only be important if it was beneficial for another reason. It is prudent that a man feel the responsibility to achieve his own wants. However, Kant speaks of a second group of imperatives known as categorical imperatives.†¦show more content†¦In addition, this man cannot argue that the moral advice he has been given is against his interests. This connection requires a different kind of support. There is a clear difference between moral judgments and hypothetical imperatives. In saying that moral judgments are categorical imperatives, Kant is signifying them as unique and special in nature. This is an area in which modern philosophers find accord with Kants ideas. These philosophers all agree that an unconditional requirement exists in moral judgments. In these types of judgments, there are pre-legislated right and wrong actions. These rules are absolute, and it is for this reason that moral judgments are distinguished from hypothetical imperatives. The trouble is found when one attempts to find the feature of moral judgments which gives them reason to be absolute and binding. The fault is that should is also used in a non-hypothetical way in non-moral statements, but in these statements there is no special dignity given to the statement. An example of this is the should of Etiquette. Rules of etiquette are common issues in which considering the use of the word should is helpful. Again, as in a moral judgment, the should is being used in a non-hypothetical form. For example, it is common etiquette that if a man receives an invitation in the third person, he shall respond to the invitation in the same form. Similarly to moral judgments, the rule is sustainedShow MoreRelatedThe Flaws Of Foots Moral System Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives,† Philippa Foot argues that moral judgments are in hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. For Kant, categorical imperatives are actions that are good in themselves and do not depend on desires, while, hypothetical imperatives are â€Å"actions that are good to some purpose† (306). According to Foot, hypothetical imperatives alone serve as the basis of moral judgments because categorical imperatives give us no reason to obey themRead MoreThe ory Of Morality As A System Of Hypothetical Imperatives Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesCircular Reasoning in Foot’s Moral System In â€Å"Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives†, Philippa Foot argues against Immanuel Kant, that morality exists in hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. For Kant, categorical imperatives alone serve as moral commands, and it would be impossible for a moral system to be based on hypothetical imperatives because such imperatives serve as means to ends and result from maxims that cannot be universalized into perfect duties. DespiteRead More Responses to the Challenge of Amoralism Essay example3571 Words   |  15 Pagesmoral considerations are reasons for everyone, including him, to act. Indeed, he knows that this tendency is so strong that we habitually use moral reasons and moral considerations interchangeably. But Alf also knows, perhaps from reading Philippa Foot, that to say that moral considerations are called reasons is blatantly to ignore the problem. The problem, as Alf sees it, is that he differs from other people. He has no goals or desires, or anything else, through which moral considerationsRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill, And The Deontological Theory Of Ethics1873 Words   |  8 Pagesdrawing attention to and/or raising awareness for various humanitarian crises, such as the massive destruction in Puerto Rico that has left the entire island in ruin or refugee Rohingya people fleeing persecution in Myanmar and Bangladesh, it is imperative to understand the logistics of possible relief efforts through a philosophical lens. Two well-developed theories that offer solutions to such problems are Utilitarianism, proposed by John Stuart Mill, and the Deontological Theory of Ethics, advocatedRead MoreAnalysing The Supreme Principle Of Morality1809 Words   |  8 Pagesdemonstrate the function of what Kant calls the â€Å"Categorical imperative†. The purpose of this essay is to first explain the conception of Kant’s Categorical imperative. It will then discuss the application of this within his Universal Law formulation, as well as within the formula of Humanity. Finally, it will investigate and critique the inconsistency of Kant’s Categorical imperative theory. Before one can discuss how the Categorical imperative works in its main formulations, it is important to understand

Reconstruction in the 20th Century Essay examples - 584 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The beginning of the 20th century was a memorable time in history for the United States. This time period drastically changed our country politically and socially by reform. The Presidents that ruled our country during this era were especially powerful and made many differences, women and African Americans were starting to take a stand, and our country was able to make it all the way through the Great Depression. All of these events that took place in the early 1900s helped our country regain strength and find a balance of its power. The act of reformation, helped to strongly shape America into what it has become today. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When the Great Depression hit our country in 1893, we went†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Since the Civil War, business influences had dominated government to such an extent that big business practically ran the government† (Angel, vol.1). Americans wanted to change the way government worked and allow the people to have more say in things. Several political parties were formed in the early 1900s to promote labor reforms. An example of this would be Eugene Debs who ran for the socialist party and was a strong supporter of labor reform. Socially, women and African Americans were becoming more active across the country. After numerous struggles, the 19th amendment was passed in 1920 to allow women suffrage. If women were never given the chance to vote, our world would be strangely different. Also, the lynching numbers notably decreased from 1900 to 1915 to show that African Americans were not being mistreated as much as before. The reformers that supported the issues of women suffrage and the treatment of African Americans also strived for improvements in living conditions, additional options for educations and changes in industrialization. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is evident that the first two decades of the 20th century made up a very progressive time period in American history. If one was to go back in time and erase the beginning of the 19th century, our country would not be anything like what it is now. This time period helped to shape what the United States is today by taking chances and making differences. Reformers were speaking outShow MoreRelatedThe Tyranny Of White Majority Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom, has been struggling with lingering racism and discrimination throughout the 19th and 20th century. Democratic reform throughout the century were implanted to eliminate the â€Å"tyranny of the white majority† Yet many scholars like Tocqueville, Fredrick Harris and WEB DuBois have challenged these results. The reality is that the tyranny of white majority has continued throughout the 18th to the 21st century resulting in a society that has suppressed and constantly failed to integrate Afric an AmericanRead MoreThe Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of civil rights was a major one throughout the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and remained so throughout the period leading up to the Korean War in the 1960s. The civil rights struggle was caused largely by southern states’ treatment of African Americans. Slavery was a rampant practice in the pre-Civil War south, and even those African Americans who managed to obtain their freedom were not treated as equals to other citizens in the southern states. Free black men did not have theRead MoreBlack Americans And The Civil War Essay961 Words   |  4 Pages In Post-Reconstruction time, Black Americans were left reeling from the aftermath of the Civil War, and Reconstruction inadequate attempt to right the wrongs of history. They also faced the horror and humiliation of Jim Crow, the terror of the Ku Klux Klan and other like-minded organizations, and the weight of oppressive legislation. These challenges resided in the consciousness of Black Americans at the turn of the 19th century, and carried on into the 20th century. The 20th century is referredRead MoreThe End Of The 20th Century1544 Words   |  7 PagesHistory since the end of the Civil War to the end of the 20th century has changed drastically when you asses America on an economic, social, and political level. The changes between the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century are the cause in the way America has been shaped and how American’s think. In fact, industrialization and urbanization, equal rights for all citizens, and two world wars played a major role in the shape of America to our understanding. Although, there are numerousRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech By Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.926 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States during the 20th century, and may still be in a few areas today, he was not only addressing the problem of it, but the equality of men. In his speech he quoted words directly from the Declaration of Independence stating, â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal† (King, Jr). Even though the United States was founded two whole centuries before the MLK’s speechRead MoreThe Nadir of Race Relations by John Boles: Article Analysis897 Words   |  4 Pageslesser extent, the political conditions for African Americans in the Southern part of the United States from approximately 1870 to 1930. These dates are of fairly significant importance, since they signal the historical epoch after the end of Reconstruction in which several laws and were passed to help enfranchise African Americans throughout the country and in the South in particular and the start of the Great Depression, the latter of which created a global economic spiral that greatly reducedRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk By. B. Dubois1080 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. DuBois, DuBois argues his point-of-view on racial tensions in the south dur ing and after Reconstruction. DuBois was a key figure African-American historian and civil rights activist in his time leading and defending his fellows African-Americans. One of DuBois’s themes ranges on race relations developed after Reconstruction in the south. DuBois elaborates on the overwhelming divide between the white population and the black population in his chapter about raceRead MoreDifferences Between Modernism And Postmodernism1576 Words   |  7 PagesArchitectures movement in the 20th century’s, and found inspiration in the movements and the way the two movements has made a massive impact in the world of Architecture world Modernism Looking into the modern Architecture movement I found out that, Modernism is the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century, associated with an inquisitiveRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1522 Words   |  7 Pageswas forfeit; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40% of that of the North, a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century. Southern influence in the U.S. federal government, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans counterargumentRead MoreFelony Disenfranchisement And Its Effects On The State Of Residency843 Words   |  4 PagesFel ony disenfranchisement is a law that was made in the 20th century. Disenfranchisement refers to restrictions on which convicted felons are not allowed to vote. The United States’ disenfranchisement law places drastic effects on felons in their state of residency by preventing them from voting. English colonists brought disenfranchisement to America as a punishment for felons’ criminal behavior. Committing a crime showed that they were unfit to be included in political events. There is a lot of

Thank You Letter Free Essays

THUA THIEN HUE UNION OF FRIENDSHIP ORGANIZATIONS 25 NGUYEN VAN CU HUE CITY, VIETNAM TEL: +84 54 3846493 FAX: +84 54 3846493 Website: huefo. org. vn Email: huefriendship@gmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Thank You Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now com THANK YOU LETTER To: Sunflower Mission Organizations, the US Thua Thien Hue Union of Friendship Organizations would like to give greetings to your organization. The program of Phong Thu 2 and Quang Loi 2 primary school construction as well as workcamp activities at Quang Loi 2 primary school, Quang Dien, Thua Thien Hue was successfully taken place. We highly appreciate this result because of your timely support and reinforcing of Infrastructure to promote education quality in these needy localities. More importantly, this is a very beautiful picture of Vietnamese people living in USA who always give warm care and practical help to our hometown. The results were reported to provincial bureaus and highly appreciated. Hence we appreciate the important role of Mr. Dao Nhat Tuan – the Sunflower Mission’s Chairman as well as other members of the management board in US. Concurrently, we also acknowledge the efforts and enthusiasm of Ms. Dang Thi Ngoc Lang in close coordinating with us to conduct this project. We hope that Sunflower Misson will be always the core team in gathering more and more Overseas Vietnamese, especially the Youth towards our country. Simultaneously, we also hope you will continue to corporate closely with us in coming time’s projects and activities. Once again, we would like to express our deep gratitude to you and we wish you good health and a more developed organization. Sincerely, LE VAN ANH How to cite Thank You Letter, Papers

Subject = Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Subject = Shakespeare Essay title = To Tame A Shrewpapers = To Tame A ShreworWhyDoes She Have To Be So Difficult!In Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew,one topic that has been debated, interpreted, discussed, reinterpreted andadapted into different forms has been the character of Katharina, the shrew,and whether she was tamed, liberated, or just a good enough actress to makeeveryone think she was in fact, tamed. In this essay, I will present argumentsfor and against each of these points, as well as discuss one television adaptationof Taming of the Shrew that presents Katharina not as the expected shrew, butas Petruchios tamer. Katharina: The Whipped ShrewThere is evidencethat supports Katharina was tamed by Petruchio. For instance, in the openingof the play, Katharina is very vocal and aggressive. Men, women and childrentrembled whenever she came around, including her father and sister. By theend of the play, however, she is presented as being mild and submissive toPetruchio, leading up to her greatest speech in the dialogue of the play:Thyhusband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper,Thy head, thy sovereign; onethat cares for thee,And for thy maintenance commits his bodyTo painfullabour both by sea and land,To watch the night in storms, the day in cold,Whilstthou liest warm at home, secure and safe;And craves no other tribute atthy handsBut love, fair looks and true obedience;Too little paymentfor so great a debt. (5.2.146-154)In looking at this outtake of Katharinasspeech, it can be seen that she has been tamed by Petruchios actions throughoutthe first four acts. It is difficult to take Katharinas message he re andsay, She is still the same person. Her monologue reveals that she now seesit is her duty to respect her husband and to be submissive to him. Her speechleads the audience to see that this duty of the wife is one that is a repaymentto the husband for all the hard work he does to support her, a debt that thewife could never possibly repay. We will write a custom essay on Subject = Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Reasons why Katharina might not have beentamed can be found in the fact that the play takes place in what seems to bejust a few days. One must ask the question: Is it possible to cause such agreat change in a persons behavior in such a short amount of time as this?It is very unlikely that it is possible, since Katharina, by the opening ofthe play, is at least 20 years of age and is very much set into her ways. It would take much longer to cure Katharina of this attitude problem she possesses. With this in mind, it is very likely that Katharina was either liberated byPetruchio in how to control her temper, or she acted as if she had been tamedto get everyone off of her back. Katharina: The Liberated ShrewSinceit is not possible for Katharina to have been tamed by Petruchio in the shorttime period of the play, it is possible that she was liberated by Petruchiosactions. In the movie version of Taming of the Shrew, starring Elizabeth Tayloras Katharina and Richard Burton as Petruchio, the ending sequence is presentedwith the widow and Bianca refusing to come out at their suitors request. Petruchio then sends for Katharina, and with the expressions on everyonesface, it can be assumed they werent expecting her to come out either. Instead,Katharina does come out, with Bianca under one arm and the widow under theother. It was at this point she delivered her speech quoted above. Now,if she was tamed, it is doubtful she would have come out with the other womenin her grips. It is more likely she would have come out alone, saying somethingalong the lines of Yes, my darling Petruchio, what can I do for thee? Instead,she forces the other women to be obedient to their spouses, still showing someof the fearful aggressiveness at the beginning of the play. .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f , .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .postImageUrl , .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f , .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:hover , .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:visited , .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:active { border:0!important; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:active , .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf57b1a14e4032964fb0e0750c9ed87f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Flannery O'connor EssayI see this asevidence that Petruchio has liberated Katharina in a sense that she no longerneeds to be brash and aggressive at all times, but more she can use her assertivenessfor her husbands advantage, and more importantly for her own advantage, aswhen dragging in the two women. In other words, together, they made a greatteam with Petruchios great wit and ability to play word games at the dropof a hat and Katharinas strong will and stubbornness. I find that they nolonger use these on each other, except for amusement, but to influence andgain stature and control to those around them. Katharina: The Acting ShrewInthe performance done by the Sanderson High School for last years State UILOne-Act Play, they chose to do scenes from Taming of the Shrew. This interpretationof the play was an interesting one compared to the other interpretations Ihad seen before. Instead of presenting Katharina as being tamed at worst (Isay tamed at worst because if Katharina was tamed, she would have truly lostmost of her spirit) or liberated at best, Karina Mendoza portrayed Katharinaas being an actress pretending to be tamed. In the scene where Katharinaand Petruchio are returning to Padua for Biancas wedding, they are shown arguingalong the road, as to whether the globe in the sky was the sun or the moon. Instead of realizing Petruchio was trying to free her from her anger and joinhim in his witty word-play, and instead of giving up everything to allow Petruchioto have full dominion over her, Katharina pretends to go along with him andstarts agreeing with everything he says. What Petruchio doesnt see is thatwhen Katharina turns away and faces the audience, she rolls her eyes at him,revealing that even though it appears she has conceded to him, she still retainsher personality. What also aids in this view is that when Katharina and Petruchioarrive in Padua, after Katharina gives the above speech, Petruchio scoops herinto his arms and carries her into the church, all the men applauding him. It is at this point Katharina looks out to the audience and gives the crowda knowing wink and signs the word for Okay, as if she is the one who gothim instead of the other way around. I find this evidence plausible as well,since it is difficult to see Katharina willing to give in to Petruchio andfind a middle ground with him, even if their aggressive nature is so much alike. After all, if Katharina is just acting as if she were tamed, then it is likelyshe would still have her shrewish attitude. If this is the case, then Petruchiois in for a big downfall when she decides to remove her disguise and unleashherself upon her unsuspecting husband. Katharina: The Tamer of the ShrewSofar, all the examples I have given have presented Katharina as the tamed, liberatedor acting shrew. I would like to present a different view of Katharina assomething other than the one being tamed, and look at a modern interpretationthat displays her as the tamer. I recently had an opportunity to see a recordingof the 80s television comedy Moonlighting, starring Bruce Willis and CybillShepherd. In this show, a special was done on a revision of Taming of theShrew with Willis character as Petruchio and Shepherds as Katharina. Forthe first part, this version follows the original Shakespeare text, with someliberties taken by the writers of the show, showing some tongue-in-cheek humor Petruchio rides in on a horse with both of them wearing Ray-Ban sunglasses,the saddle has the logo for BMW on the side, and Katharina has a closet fullof cheap vases to throw at her suitors. But, as the comedy progresses, aninteresting twist is given beginning when Petruchio and Katharina returnto Padua for the wedding of Bianca and Lucentio. Petruchio is confrontingBaptista about receiving the promised dowry for wedding Katharina, and Baptistademands proof that Katharina has been tamed, a part of the bargain for receivingthe dowry, because he had heard rumors that K atharina was not tamed or liberated,but that Petruchio was the one that had given in to Katharinas aggressivenature. .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 , .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .postImageUrl , .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 , .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:hover , .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:visited , .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:active { border:0!important; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:active , .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87 .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec7b68d616e6642ad05ea901dbb19f87:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elwyn Palmerton EssayTo prove he had tamed Katharina, Petruchio states to her the globein the sky is the moon at noon-time. Katharina turns to the blazing sun, andafter a few moments of silence from the whole town waiting for her response,says My husband, you are mistaken. For it is the sun. I beg you, look again.The shocked crowd turns to Petruchio who, instead of getting mad and threateningthey return to his home as in the other performances when they are on the roadto Padua, stares back at the sun, and says, Why, you are right. How foolishof me. The rest of the tale ends with a variation of Katharinas speech inan 1980s fashion that man and woman are to be equals and sh ould not tryto be dominant over the other, and that it was Petruchios kindness towardsher that won her heart, for she was still the same opinionated woman. Shestates that what women truly want is for men to treat them with respect andthey will receive the same respect in return. In other words, Katharina wasnot the one needing to be tamed, but the brash attitude of Petruchio. FinalArgumentsThroughout this essay, I have presented four different argumentsabout the subject of Katharinas taming. In analyzing the text of the playand seeing how different interpretations have presented the taming, I findthat I have to agree with two of the interpretations, the first that Katharinais acting tamed, and second that she was liberated. First, I feel that shewas just acting on the road to Padua, that she was still just pretending tobe tamed so she could see her family one more time. I feel this with how quicklyshe changed her attitude when Petruchio threatened to return home and foregothe wedding. But, I also feel that her acting job here backfired against heremotionally. When she saw that by being obedient to Petruchio he treated heras an equal, she realized she needed to compromise her nature to keep thisman she was falling in love with, which leads to her being liberated. I sayKatharina is liberated because she still displays some of her shrewish attitudesduring the feast for Lucentio and Biancas wedding, when she drags out thetwo stubborn women, who refused to come out when the husbands called for them. If she was tamed at this point, she would not have been aggressive towardsthe two ladies. If she was acting, she would have risked being discoveredif she showed herself being aggressive with the ladies. If she was liberatedand able to be as an equal with Petruchio, she would have acted the way shedid aggressive towards those who were being stubborn about their husbandsauthority. I see it as Katharina was trying to show them that if they areobedient to their husband, the husband would treat them as an equal. I alsofind I have to agree with the Moonlighting version of the play, in a sense. It has to be seen that if Katharina gave in some of her attitude towards Petruchio,Petruchio also had to give in some of his own attitude. The attitude of showrespect and obedience and receive respect and equality, although carried toan extreme in the Moonlighting episode, can be seen in all the versions ofthe play discussed. In conclusion, I believe that Katharina is not the onlyone who became liberated through the course of the play, but Petruchio as well,from his own super-masculinity.

Max Weber on Culture, Authority, and the Iron Cage

Max Weber on Culture, Authority, and the Iron Cage With Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau, Max Weber is considered one of the founders of sociology. Living and working between 1864 and 1920, Weber is remembered as a prolific social theorist who focused on economics, culture, religion, politics, and the interplay among them. Three of his biggest contributions to sociology include the way he theorized the relationship between culture and economy, his theory of authority, and his concept of the iron cage of rationality. Weber on the Relationships Between Culture and Economy Webers most well-known and widely read work is The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. This book is considered a landmark text of social theory and sociology generally because of how Weber convincingly illustrates the important connections between culture and economy. Positioned against Marxs historical materialist approach to theorizing the emergence and development of capitalism, Weber presented a theory in which the values of ascetic Protestantism fostered the acquisitive nature of the capitalist economic system. Webers discussion of the relationship between culture and economy was a ground-breaking theory at the time. It set up an important theoretical tradition in sociology of taking the cultural realm of values and ideology seriously as a social force that interacts with and influences other aspects of society like politics and the economy. What Makes Authority Possible Weber made a very important contribution to the way we understand how people and institutions come to have authority in society, how they keep it, and how it influences our lives. Weber articulated his theory of authority in the essay  Politics as a Vocation, which first took form in a lecture he delivered in Munich in 1919. Weber theorized that there are three forms of authority that allow people and institutions to attain legitimate rule over society: 1. traditional, or that rooted in the traditions and values of the past that follows the logic of this is the way things have always been; 2. charismatic, or that premised on individual positive and admirable characteristics like heroism, being relatable, and showing visionary leadership; and 3. legal-rational, or that which is rooted in the laws of the state and represented by those entrusted to protect them. This theory of Webers reflects his focus on the political, social, and cultural importance of the modern state as an apparatus that strongly influences what happens in society and in our lives. Weber on the Iron Cage Analyzing the effects the iron cage of bureaucracy has on individuals in society is one of Webers landmark contributions to social theory, which he articulated in  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber used the phrase, originally  stahlhartes Gehuse  in German, to refer to the way the bureaucratic rationality of modern Western societies comes to fundamentally limit and direct social life and individual lives. Weber explained that modern bureaucracy was organized around rational principles like hierarchical roles, compartmentalized knowledge and roles, a perceived merit-based system of employment and advancement, and the legal-rationality authority of the rule of law. As this system of rule common to modern Western states is perceived as legitimate and thus unquestionable, it exerts what Weber perceived to be an  extreme and unjust influence on other aspects of society and individual lives: the iron cage limits freedom and possibility. This aspect of Webers theory would prove deeply influential to the further development of social theory  and was built upon at length by the critical theorists associated with the Frankfurt School.

Rappaccinis Daughter Quotes

'Rappaccini's Daughter' Quotes Rappaccinis Daughter is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The work centers around a young man, and a beautiful young woman (with her brilliant and inventive father entering the scenes periodically). The work (and author) are famous for being representation of American Romantic literature (Hawthorne is also famous for The Scarlet Letter). The story is also sometimes the subject of study and discussion in American literature classes, as it explores the definition of beauty, emotion/love versus intellect/science, and an exploration of Creator/creation. Here are a few quotes from Rappaccinis Daughter. Which quote is your favorite? Quotes From the Story Nothing could exceed the intentness with which this scientific gardener examined every shrub which grew in his path; it seemed as if he was looking into their innermost nature, making observations in regard to their creative essence, and discovering why one leaf grew in this shape, and another in that, and wherefore such and such flowers differed among themselves in hue and perfume.Every portion of the soil was peopled with plants and herbs, which, if less beautiful, still bore tokens of assiduous care; as if all had their individual virtues, known to the scientific mind that fostered them.He was beyond the middle term of life, with grey hair, a thin grey beard, and a face singularly marked with intellect and cultivation, but which could never, even in his more youthful days, have expressed much warmth of heart.But now, unless Giovannis draughts of wine had bewildered his senses, a singuolar incident occurred†¦a drop or two of moisture from the broken stem of the flower descende d upon the lizards head. For an instant, the reptile contorted itself violently, then lay motionless in the sunshine. Beatrice observed this remarkable phenomenon, and crossed herself, sadly, but without surprise; nor did she therefore hesitate to arrange the fatal flower in her bosom. And must I believe all that I have seen with my own eyes? asked Giovanni pointedly, while the recollection of former scenes made him shrink.They stood, as it were, in an utter solitude, which would be made none the less solitary by the densest throng of human life. Ought not, then, the desrt of humanity around them to press this insulated pair together? If they should be cruel to one another, who was there to be kind to them?Created it! created it! repeated Giovanni. What mean you, Beatrice?Miserable! ... What mean you, foolish girl? Dost thou deem it misery to be endowed with marvelous gifts, against which no power nor strength could avail an enemy? Misery, to be able to quell the mightiest with a breath? Misery, to be as terrible as thou art beautiful? Woudst thou, then, have preferred the condition of a weak woman, exposed to all evil and capable of none?To Beatrice-so radically had her earthly part been wrought upon by Rappaccinis skill-as poison had been life, so the powerful an tidote was death. And thus the poor victim of mans ingenuity and of thwarted nature, and of the fatality that attends all such efforts of perverted wisdom, perished there, at the feet of her father and Giovanni.

Current Trends in Cardiac Health Care Research Paper

Current Trends in Cardiac Health Care - Research Paper Example These factors include changes in mortality rates, the demographic descriptions and medical health background of a â€Å"typical† cardiac disease patient, and the types of medical treatment these patients receive. Mortality Rates Patients who are admitted to the hospital for cardiac or cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke, have a mortality rate several times higher than that of general admissions. This is unsurprising, since cardiac disease is much more serious than many conditions that nevertheless require hospitalizations. On the positive side, studies have shown that the mortality rate for patients who are admitted promptly after the beginning of symptoms has been slowly but significantly declining. Statistics show that patients are more likely to admit themselves to the hospital upon signs of an urgent cardiac event; for example, though the number of heart attacks per 1000 persons in California and a decline in hospital admissions in general, there has actually been an increase in hospital admissions for heart attacks (Office of Statewide Planning and Development, 2011). This fits in with the general trend for heart attacks in hospital emergency wards that has been seen since the early 1980s. The rate of heart attack had been dropping steadily from 1980 onward, until about the middle of the 1990s, when a new test had been developed to detect heart attack. Predictably, the statistics then show the rate of heart attacks detected to rise again, but due more to the higher sensitivity of the new test and not to any actual change in the rate of heart attack in the population (Office of Statewide Planning and Development, 2011). Mortality rates for cardiac disease patients are unfortunately also affected by hospital profit and cost of care concerns. Treatment for cardiac disease is becoming a lucrative area of sub-specialization, and many smaller hospitals have begun opening cardiac ICUs and cardiac surgery departments in order to increa se their profitability (Ronning, 2007). However, the mortality and adverse event rates for patients admitted to these smaller hospitals is much higher than those of bigger, more experienced hospitals; if the trend continues, a rise in mortality rates could very well occur (Joynt, Orav, & Jha, 2011). The combination of the cutting-edge nature of cardiac care with a doctor who is unfamiliar with the field in general and does not perform many such treatments greatly affects patient outcome. This correlation has been recognized to the point that cardiac surgeons are recommended to perform a minimum number of invasive cardiac surgeries a year, in order to maintain the proper level of training and familiarity with the procedure (Tu, Austin, & Chan, 2001). Patient Demographics and History The picture of the typical heart disease or cardiac disease patient is also showing changes over time. For example, women are becoming an ever-larger percentage of admissions; in Canada by 2004, women mad e up approximately half of such admissions (Tu, Jackevicius, Lee, & Donovan, 2010). Racial percentages for cardiac-related hospitalizations have also shifted, moving some of the preponderance of patients from the Caucasian segment to other racial groups, though Caucasians still represent the majority of cardiac patients. However, this could be due to the shifting racial proportions of the entire population, and not necessarily due